英文高手帮忙翻译下这篇短文(经济类)

作者&投稿:鞠凯 (若有异议请与网页底部的电邮联系)
试着翻译了一下,希望对楼主有帮助
比较难的在于asset和posses的名词解释;就文意来说,asset倾向于“资源禀赋”这一含义,而posses照字面译为进程未尝不可,但对经济学没有概念的读者而言,未必能理解其中的精准含义,只有看了文章才明白。也许译成“生产进程”,并意译为“加工经济”更能体现其涵义。楼主请自行判断,也欢迎高人指点

资源禀赋与加工经济
在竞争力管理中,世界竞争力组织同样分析了国家怎样将资源禀赋与加工经济相结合。一些国家如巴西、印度和俄罗斯,他们富有资源——如土地,人口,自然资源等——却并不一定有竞争力。另一方面,也有如新加坡、日本、瑞士这样的国家,其传统资源很贫乏,但却非常有竞争力。他们掌握了被经济学家称之为“转型加工经济”的经济形态。
日本的表现很好的说明了这种情况。从1950年以来,相较于美国164次、英国44次获得诺贝尔奖,日本仅在精密科学和经济学领域共四次得到该奖项。事实上,日本并没有什么能从根本上改变我们经济生活的科技突破。晶体管、机器人、录像机、电脑、传真机、磁盘、彩色电视机——所有这些都是美国和欧洲公司所发明的。日本的非凡成功在于其产品营销上:他们在将一个创意转化成更便宜、更快捷和更有效律的产品或服务方面的能力上,远超其竞争对手。换句话说,日本的竞争力是以加工经济为基础的。
1996年世界竞争力年度报告将基于一国资源禀赋的竞争力与通过加工经济实现的竞争力,做了详细区分。这个关键性区分是重要的,因为未来似乎更倾斜于那些掌握了“加工经济”的国家(事实上,一些经济学家使用“自然资源魔咒”来描述那些因富有资源而洋洋得意的国家的命运)。通常,公司也采用相同的策略,他们关注在如质量、速度、订单执行、规模用户和顾客满意度等进程管理中所产生的附加价值。

Assets and processes

World competitiveness also analyzes how nations combine assets and processes in the management of competitiveness. Some nations can be rich in assets——land,population,natural resources,etc.——but not necessarily competitive,e.g.,Brazil,India and Russia. On the other hand,there are nations such as Singapore,Japan and Switzerland which are poor in traditional assets but they are very competitive. They have mastered what economists call“the transformation process”.
Japan’s performance illustrates this situation well. Since 1950,the nation has received only four Nobel Prizes in exact science and economics,compared to 164 awarded to the US and 44 to Britain. In fact,none of the fundamental technological breakthroughs which
have changed our business lives have been discovered in Japan. The transistor,the robot,the video recorder,the computer,the fax,the compact disk,the color TV——all have been invented by companies in the US and Europe. The Japanese,however,have been extremely successful in marketing these products:they have excelled in the ability to transform an idea into a product or service more cheaply,more quickly and more effectively than their competitors. In other words,Japan’s competitiveness is process based.
The 1996 World Competitiveness Yearbook carefully distinguishes between competitiveness which stems from a nation’s assets and that which is achieved through process. This crucial distinction is important,since the future seems to belong those nations that master the transformation process(indeed ,some economists refer to“the spell of natural resources”to describe the fate of asset-rich nations that become complacent). Companies usually use a similar strategy,whereby they focus on the value
added that is generated by such processes as quality,speed,order fulfillment,mass customization,and customer satisfaction,etc..

资产和程序

世界竞争力也分析国家如何联合竞争力的管理的资产和程序。 一些国家在资产中可能是富有的--土地、人口,天然的资源,等等。--除了不是必然竞争,举例来说,巴西、印度和俄国。 另一方面,有国家,像是新加坡、日本和在传统的资产中是贫穷的瑞士但是他们非常竞争。 他们有征服什么经济学者呼叫 " 变形程序 ".
日本的表现把这一种情形举例说明得很好。 自从 1950 以后,国家有被一般承认的只有四诺贝尔奖在精密科学中和经济学,与 164相较颁发对美国和 44 对英国。 事实上,没有一次基本科技的突破
有改变我们的生意生命有是发现在日本。 电晶体、机械手、录像机,计算机,那传真,雷射唱片,彩色电视--所有的有是发明被在美国和欧洲的公司。 然而,日本人有极端地成功在行销这些产品:他们有胜过在能力到转换一个主意进入一种产品之内或服务更廉宜,比他们的竞争者更越来越比较有效地。 换句话说,日本的竞争力是程序基础的。
1996 世界竞争力年鉴小心地区别竞争力茎从一个国家的资产和哪一个是达成完成的程序。 这种决定性的区别很重要,因为未来似乎属于那些国家哪一主人变形程序. (的确,一些经济学者提及 " 那符咒天然资源 " 描述资产的命运-富有的国家哪一变成满足的) 公司通常使用一个相似的策略,那里他们焦点在那之上价值
附加的哪一被产生被如此的程序例如质量,速度,次序实现,块设定,和客户满足,等等。。

资产和进程

世界竞争力也分析了如何结合国家的资产和过程中的管理竞争力。一些国家可以在丰富的资产-土地,人口,自然资源,等等-但不一定是竞争力,例如,巴西,印度和俄罗斯。在另一方面,有国家如新加坡,日本和瑞士,这是穷人在传统的资产,但他们是非常具有竞争力。他们掌握了什么经济学家称为“转型过程” 。

日本的表现,说明了这种情况。自1950年以来,全国已收到的只有4个诺贝尔奖,在精确的科学和经济学相比, 164批给美国和44至英国。事实上,在没有根本的技术突破,其中

已改变我们的商业的生命已发现在日本。晶体管,机器人,录像机,电脑,传真,光盘,彩色电视-所有已发明的公司在美国和欧洲。日本人,不过,已经非常成功,在市场营销这些产品的:他们有优异的能力,在改造一个想法成为一个产品或服务更便宜,更迅速和更有效地比竞争对手。在其他的话,日本的竞争力,是过程的基础。

1996年世界竞争力年鉴仔细区分的竞争力源自一个国家的资产,并且是透过进程。这个关键的区别是很重要的,因为未来似乎属于这些国家掌握了转化过程(事实上,一些经济学家指“拼写自然资源”来形容的命运,资产丰富的国家成为自满) 。公司通常使用了类似的策略,让他们专注于价值

补充说,是所产生的这种进程,作为质量,速度,履行订单,大批量定制的,和客户满意度,等等。

我叫某某,来自陕西宝鸡。就读于湖北省武汉市通信指挥学院信息工程专业, (几年的学习生活中系统的学习了电子工程的相关专业课程,对电子行业有的极大兴趣, )本人性格开朗,喜欢与人沟通,有较强的组织能力。擅长沟通工作, (尤其擅长了解客户的需求,针对问题寻求解决的方法

试着翻译了一下,错误之处还请指教:

资产与加工
世界竞争同样对国家如何在竞争管理中将资产与加工结合进行分析。一些国家在资产方面很富有,例如土地,人口,自然资源等等,但这并不是具有竞争力的必要条件,例如巴西、印度和俄罗斯。在另一方面,像新加坡、日本、瑞士这样的国家,虽然传统资产项目贫瘠,但他们很具竞争力。他们已经掌握了经济学家们所说的“转型”。
日本的表现就是对这个事实很好的诠释。自1950年以来,这个国家仅在科学和经济领域获得了四个诺贝尔奖,而与此同时,美国获得了164个,英国则获得44个。事实上,改变我们的经济、生活的基础技术突破没有一项是日本开发的。晶体管、录音机、电脑、传真、光盘、彩电,所有这些都是在美国和欧洲的公司发明的。然而,日本人在营销这些产品方面却是非常成功的:他们有能力将构思实践化,使其成为产品或服务,而且他们在这方面不仅很专业,还比他的竞争者更廉价、更迅速、更有效。换句话说,日本的竞争力的核心是“加工”。
1996年的世界竞争年报很谨慎的区分了两种竞争力:“国家资产为基础的竞争力”和“以加工为基础的竞争力”。鉴于未来似乎将是以加工为主的国家的天下,这个区别很重要的(实际上,一些经济学家以用“自然资源”来描述资产富裕国家的命运而洋洋得意)。公司常常采用类似的战略:将焦点放在以“加工”为核心带来的价值上,比如质量、速度、履行订单、大规模用户化、以及客户满意度,等等。

资产和进程

通过分析世界竞争力与如何结合国家的资产和加工过程中的管理竞争力。有一些国家有着丰富的资产-土地,人口,自然资源,但是这不一定是竞争力,例如,巴西,印度和俄罗斯。在另一方面,有的国家如新加坡,日本和瑞士,传统的资产产业项目方面贫瘠,但他们是非常具有竞争力。他们完成了被经济学家称为“转型过程”的资产积累 。
比如日本的表现,就说明了这种情况。自1950年以来,相比美国164个,英国44个全国获得的诺贝尔奖仅有四次,在精确的科学和经济学相比, 164批给美国和44至英国。事实上,并没有根本的技术突破,其中
已改变我们的商业的生命已发现在日本。晶体管,机器人,录像机,电脑,传真,光盘,彩色电视-所有已发明的公司在美国和欧洲。但是日本人,已经非常成功,在市场营销这些产品的时候:他们有优异的能力,在改造一个想法成为一个产品或服务时更便宜,更迅速和更有效地比竞争对手做的更好。换而言之,日本的竞争力,也关键是在于过程。

1996年世界竞争力年鉴清晰的展示了源自一个国家的资产以及它所产生的资产竞争力,并且是透过进程。这个关键的区别是很重要的,因为未来似乎属于这些掌握了转化过程的国家(事实上,有一些经济学家指出的“自然资源”来形容国家资产产业未来的命运,这让资产资源丰富的国家感到自满) 。公司通常使用类似的策略,让他们专注于过程的价值。
比如质量、速度、履行订单、大规模用户化、以及客户满意度,等等。

求高手帮忙把下面的短文翻译成英文~

The future direction of Industrial Engineering

With the world economy, globalization and liberalization trend in the development of Taiwan's industrial structure is also facing enormous changes in how to make innovation in Taiwan's industrial restructuring, to enhance competitiveness and profitability, has become the industry sustainable management of important questions. The following separately from different directions to explore the future direction of industrial engineering:

(1) personnel training

The needs of future trends of globalization and competition, the future of Industrial Engineering must have a solid professional foundation, flexible multi-knowledge, as well as cognitive values to enable them to adapt to globalization and rapidly changing environment of intense competition.

(2) systems integration

Integration of various professional fields (including manufacturing, services, organizations, public management, technical and economic, scientific decision-making and risk analysis, project management, etc.) in order to adapt to future needs. IT systems security extends to risk analysis, risk management and reliability analysis. For example, system design notes that if we do not risk analysis and, if they have questions will result in great disaster.

(3) Industry-University Collaboration

Industry-University Collaboration, including collaborative research and personnel training. Therefore, in addition to combining theory and practice of empirical research, industrial engineering talent and foundation director of education, lifelong learning, teaching, and so are the focus of the network.

(4) innovation and R & D Management

Time network information easily accessible, innovative because of its rarity and to create new value to generate new business model. However, innovation can be managed? Industrial engineering as a highly integrated disciplines, how to research on innovation play an important role in the future are questions worth pondering.

(5) global manufacturing management and business integration

Redesign of job and resource scheduling, flexible set up of international production systems, including enterprise resource planning, supply chain management such as management system, and the establishment of enterprise integration, concurrent engineering, such as collaborative commerce platform, demand, production, sales, service and financial integration together.

(6) people due to engineering and safety engineering

All the manufacturing work environment, public life, space, consumer product design, man-machine interface, people with disabilities, auxiliary equipment, etc., can be applied to people because of engineering and safety engineering. The development of future research should pay greater attention to ways to enhance the values of humanity, as well as the direction of raising the quality of life, etc..

(7) Logistics Management

Engaged in large-scale complex systems (such as semiconductor production scheduling, power dispatching, telecommunications network planning) problem of architecture in order to set up the model of complex issues; the application of new mathematical tools and information to develop an effective analytical method, and the development of the management of large systems, including systems engineering, project management. With the increasingly competitive enterprise, to be more rapid response competitive strategy, so how in the uncertain environment for effective use of resources, careful assessment and planning rapidly, combined with information technology and operations research to important direction.

(8) Service Management

Service system, including the direction of future research in Industrial Engineering Services

System, the general issue of research, service design, service R & D management, service system design, service operations management, service performance management, application areas apart from the service industry, and yet the people in government services and e-government, etc.; and at network environment, design and manage new services. Such as e-commerce, customer relationship management and other new business service models.

(9) environmental management

Industrial Engineering from the "accrued benefit when the benefit of the world" perspective, from the "green production" and the product life cycle of production to study the impact on the environment, thus to the scientific management method of the production process to reduce the negative environmental impact.

(10) rational decision-making

The introduction of scientific management and decision analysis methods to assist public policy and national policy to explore the rational, the establishment of science and technology managers prediction, assessment and planning capacity, set up from a strategic, decision-making to the integration of operations management models and expand the contribution of industrial engineering.

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乌鸦比起其他鸟都要吵,它们经常一大群聚在一起说话。有时它们一起说,并且像人们一样,轮换交替着说话。通过乌鸦的声音很容易辨别它们是否友好。通常都是一双乌鸦生活在一起,渡过它们的一生,并且如果一只死了,另外一只会在它余下的生活中变得非常悲伤和安静并且有的时候也会死去!

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