语法非谓语 英语语法非谓语
非谓语动词是指分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)、不定式、动名词等三种形式,即:
doing , done , to do , doing 。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式,如:
现在分词 doing : 有being done(被动式) ; having done (完成式); having been do
ne (完成被动式)
不定式 to do : 有to be done (被动式); to have done (完成式); to be doing(进行式)
动名词 doing : 有having done(完成式); being done(被动式) ;
非谓语动词的特点:三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征,虽然它们没有人称和数的变化,但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征:分词具有形容词和副词的特征;动名词具有名词的特征;不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。具体来讲:分词在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等;动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等;不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。
下面分别对三种非谓语动词进行讲解:
一. 动词不定式
先看几个例句,判断不定式在句中的成分。
1.To learn a foreign language is difficult .
2. His wish is to be a driver .
3.Tom wanted to have a cup of beer .
4.The teacher told us to do morning exercises .
5.I have nothing to say .
6.They went to see their aunt .
7.It’s easy to see their aunt.
8.I don’t know what to do next .
9.I heard them make a noise .
说明:1.动词不定式作主语, 2.动词不定式作表语,3.动词不定式作宾语,4.动词不定式作宾语补足语,5.动词不定式作定语,6.动词不定式作目的状语,7.动词不定式作真正主语,it 代替动词不定式,作形式主语。8.带有连接代词的动词不定式作宾语,9.不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题:
1. “to” 是不定式符号还是介词,下列短语中的to 都是介词。
agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to ,
equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to
2. 带to 还是不带to
I have no choice but to give in
I cannot do anything but give in
I saw him enter the classroom .
( 但是: He was seen to enter the classroom .)
3. 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of .
It’s necessary for you to study hard .
It’s foolish of him to do it .
与of 连用的形容词有:
good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , possible
4.后接不定式作宾语的动词有:
want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc.
需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语,而要用it做形式宾语。例如:通常不说We think to obey the laws is important . 而说We think it important to obey the laws .
5.不定式的省略。下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to 。
want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , o
ught to , need to , used to , be able to
6.不定式作定语,应注意两种关系:
1)动宾关系:
He has a lot of meeting to attend .
Please lend me something to write with .
He is looking for a room to live
He is looking for a room to live in .
He has no money and no place
to live ( in ) .
I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .
There is no time to think ( about ) .
2)主谓关系:
She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .
----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 逻辑主语是I )
-------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 逻辑主语不是I )
7.不定式作状语,可以有以下几种意义:
1) 原因
He is lucky to get here on time .
这种结构中常用的形容词有:
happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , frightened , disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy
2) 目的
He came to help me with my maths .
3) 结果
I hurried to get there only to find him out .
The book is too hard for the boy to read .
He is old enough to go to school .
8 . 不定式作补足语
I saw him play in the street just now .
能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有:
see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , have make, observe, notice
注: 当这些词为被动式时,不定式要带to , 如:
He was seen to play in the street just now.
二.动名词
Learning English is very difficult .
学英语非常困难。
His job is driving a bus .
他的工作是开车。
I enjoy dancing .
我喜欢跳舞。
I have got used to living in the country .
我已经习惯了住农村。
Take some sleeping tablets , and you will soon fall asleep .
吃点安眠药,你很快就会入睡。
注意以下几种结构:
1.There’s no telling what will happen .
=It’s impossible to tell what will happen .
= No one can tell what will happen .
2.It’s no use talking with him .
It’s no good speaking to them like that .
3.There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing …
在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下单词替换:
trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time
注意以下几个问题:
1.下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别,
forget to do … 忘记要做某事
forget doing… 忘记做了某事
remember to do…记住要做某事
remember doing …记着做了某事
mean to do … 有意要做某事
mean doing … 意味着做了某事
regret to do … 对要做的事表示后悔
regret doing … 对做过去的事后悔
can’t help to do…不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事
try to do … 尽力去做某事
try doing 试着做某事
learn to do … 学着去做某事
learn doing … 学会做某事
stop to do … 停下来去做(另一件事)
stop doing … 停止做某事
go on to do … 接着做(另外一件事)
go on doing … 继续做某事
used to do … 过去做某事
be used to doing … 习惯做某事
2.动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别
动名词作定语表达 n+ for doing 的含义
现在分词作定语表达 n+which(who) be doing的含义
如:a sleeping car = a car for sleeping
a running horse = a horse which is running
前者是动名词 , 后者是现在分词
又如: drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping boy
3. 动名词的逻辑主语:
动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。
例如:His coming made us very happy .
4.动名词的语态和时态
5. 动名词主动形式表被动的情况:
need doing , want doing , require doing
例如: This room needs painting . 这个房间需要粉刷。
6.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词:
admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require , suggest , risk , keep, take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like , can’t help , can’t stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include ,
三. 分词
1 The story is interesting . I’m interested in it .
这个故事有兴趣,我对这个故事感兴趣。
2 . This is a moving film .
这是一部动人的电影。
3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the president .
秘书工作到深夜,为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。
4. Given more time , I’ll do it well .
如果给我多一点时间,我会做的更好。
When he passed the back of the street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank .
当他后街时,看到小偷正从银行偷钱。
应注意的几个问题:
1.现在分词与过去分词的区别
Do you know the woman talking to Tom ?
= Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ?
The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.
= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.
China is a developing country and America is a developed country.
2.分词作表语
The news sounds encouraging .
They got very excited .
1)现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别:
The news is interesting .
He is interested in the news .
doing 作表语,主语与表语是主谓关系 ;done 作表语,主语与表语是动宾关系。
2)表语与被动式的区别:
The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .(强调动作)
The blackboard is broken . You’d better have it repaired.(强调状态)
3)常作表语的过去分词:
amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done
3.现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别
The situation in our country is encouraging . (表语)
The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 现在进行时)
My job is looking after the little baby . (动名词)
能回答how-question 的是现在分词,能回答what-question 的动名词,即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行时。
例如: How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging .
What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby .
4.注意的四种结构:
have something to do 有某事要做
have something done 使某事被做
have somebody do something 使某人做某事
have something doing 让某事一直做着
5. 需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词:
seat , prepare , hide , dress
如:I seated myself on the chair .
I was seated on the chair .
6.分词做状语与不定式的区别:
分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等;而不定式表示目的和结果。
Having finished the homework , I went home . ( 时间)
Being a Party member , I should work hard . (原因)
Given more time ,I can do my work better . ( 条件 )
He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. ( 伴随)
To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . ( 目的 )
He is old enough to join the army . ( 结果)
7.分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别
a running horse 现在分词 = a horse that is running
a fallen leaf 过去分词 = a leaf that has already fallen
a walking stick 动名词 = a stick for walking
something to do 不定式 = something that I should do
8.不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别:
I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting . ( 将来)
The building being built on the river is the Science Museum . (正在进行)
The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions . ( 过去)
9.分词做状语需要注意的一个问题:
分词与句子主语的逻辑关系
Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful .( 错误 )
Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful . ( 正确)
Seeing 与the city 不是主谓关系;seen 与city 是动宾关系
练习
I .单项选择
1.Most of the people _____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
2. ______ many times, but he still couldn’t understand it .
A. Having being told B. Though had been told C. He was told
D. Having told
3. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _____ on a big rock by the side of the path .
A.to have rested B. testing C. to rest D. rest
4. The next morning she found the man ______ in bed , dead .
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
5. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier , _______ it more difficult .
A. to make B. not to make C. not making D. to not make
6 . The Olympic Games , _____ in 776 B.C., did not include women plays until 1912 .
A.first playing B.to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
7 . ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting .
---- Well , now I regret ____________that .
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
8 . The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with talks , _______ that he had enjoyed his stay here .
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
9 . _______ a reply , he decided to write again .
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
10.The speaker raised his voice, but he still couldn’t make himself ________ .
A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard
Robert is said ___ abroad , but I don’t know what country be studied in .
to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
II . 用动词的正确形式填空
1. Little Tom should love ________ ( take ) to the theatre this evening .
2. Paul doesn’t have to be made _______ ( learn ) . He always works hard .
3. The computer centre , ______ ( open )last year , is very popular among the students in this school .
4. Go on _____( do ) the other exercise after you have finished this one .
5. How about two of us ______ ( take ) a walk down the garden .
答案:
I
1.A 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.D
II
1.to be taken ; 2.to learn ; 3.opened ;4.to do ; 5.taking
非谓语动词
非谓语动词是指分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)、不定式、动名词等三种形式,即:
doing , done , to do , doing 。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式,如:
现在分词 doing : 有being done(被动式) ; having done (完成式); having been do
ne (完成被动式)
不定式 to do : 有to be done (被动式); to have done (完成式); to be doing(进行式)
动名词 doing : 有having done(完成式); being done(被动式) ;
非谓语动词的特点:三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征,虽然它们没有人称和数的变化,但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征:分词具有形容词和副词的特征;动名词具有名词的特征;不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。具体来讲:分词在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等;动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等;不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。
下面分别对三种非谓语动词进行讲解:
一. 动词不定式
先看几个例句,判断不定式在句中的成分。
1.To learn a foreign language is difficult .
2. His wish is to be a driver .
3.Tom wanted to have a cup of beer .
4.The teacher told us to do morning exercises .
5.I have nothing to say .
6.They went to see their aunt .
7.It’s easy to see their aunt.
8.I don’t know what to do next .
9.I heard them make a noise .
说明:1.动词不定式作主语, 2.动词不定式作表语,3.动词不定式作宾语,4.动词不定式作宾语补足语,5.动词不定式作定语,6.动词不定式作目的状语,7.动词不定式作真正主语,it 代替动词不定式,作形式主语。8.带有连接代词的动词不定式作宾语,9.不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题:
1. “to” 是不定式符号还是介词,下列短语中的to 都是介词。
agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to ,
equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to
2. 带to 还是不带to
I have no choice but to give in
I cannot do anything but give in
I saw him enter the classroom .
( 但是: He was seen to enter the classroom .)
3. 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of .
It’s necessary for you to study hard .
It’s foolish of him to do it .
与of 连用的形容词有:
good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , possible
4.后接不定式作宾语的动词有:
want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc.
需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语,而要用it做形式宾语。例如:通常不说We think to obey the laws is important . 而说We think it important to obey the laws .
5.不定式的省略。下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to 。
want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , o
ught to , need to , used to , be able to
6.不定式作定语,应注意两种关系:
1)动宾关系:
He has a lot of meeting to attend .
Please lend me something to write with .
He is looking for a room to live
He is looking for a room to live in .
He has no money and no place
to live ( in ) .
I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .
There is no time to think ( about ) .
2)主谓关系:
She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .
----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 逻辑主语是I )
-------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 逻辑主语不是I )
7.不定式作状语,可以有以下几种意义:
1) 原因
He is lucky to get here on time .
这种结构中常用的形容词有:
happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , frightened , disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy
2) 目的
He came to help me with my maths .
3) 结果
I hurried to get there only to find him out .
The book is too hard for the boy to read .
He is old enough to go to school .
8 . 不定式作补足语
I saw him play in the street just now .
能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有:
see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , have make, observe, notice
注: 当这些词为被动式时,不定式要带to , 如:
He was seen to play in the street just now.
二.动名词
Learning English is very difficult .
学英语非常困难。
His job is driving a bus .
他的工作是开车。
I enjoy dancing .
我喜欢跳舞。
I have got used to living in the country .
我已经习惯了住农村。
Take some sleeping tablets , and you will soon fall asleep .
吃点安眠药,你很快就会入睡。
注意以下几种结构:
1.There’s no telling what will happen .
=It’s impossible to tell what will happen .
= No one can tell what will happen .
2.It’s no use talking with him .
It’s no good speaking to them like that .
3.There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing …
在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下单词替换:
trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time
注意以下几个问题:
1.下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别,
forget to do … 忘记要做某事
forget doing… 忘记做了某事
remember to do…记住要做某事
remember doing …记着做了某事
mean to do … 有意要做某事
mean doing … 意味着做了某事
regret to do … 对要做的事表示后悔
regret doing … 对做过去的事后悔
can’t help to do…不能帮助做某事
can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事
try to do … 尽力去做某事
try doing 试着做某事
learn to do … 学着去做某事
learn doing … 学会做某事
stop to do … 停下来去做(另一件事)
stop doing … 停止做某事
go on to do … 接着做(另外一件事)
go on doing … 继续做某事
used to do … 过去做某事
be used to doing … 习惯做某事
2.动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别
动名词作定语表达 n+ for doing 的含义
现在分词作定语表达 n+which(who) be doing的含义
如:a sleeping car = a car for sleeping
a running horse = a horse which is running
前者是动名词 , 后者是现在分词
又如: drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping boy
3. 动名词的逻辑主语:
动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。
例如:His coming made us very happy .
4.动名词的语态和时态
5. 动名词主动形式表被动的情况:
need doing , want doing , require doing
例如: This room needs painting . 这个房间需要粉刷。
6.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词:
admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require , suggest , risk , keep, take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like , can’t help , can’t stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include ,
三. 分词
1 The story is interesting . I’m interested in it .
这个故事有兴趣,我对这个故事感兴趣。
2 . This is a moving film .
这是一部动人的电影。
3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the president .
秘书工作到深夜,为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。
4. Given more time , I’ll do it well .
如果给我多一点时间,我会做的更好。
When he passed the back of the street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank .
当他后街时,看到小偷正从银行偷钱。
应注意的几个问题:
1.现在分词与过去分词的区别
Do you know the woman talking to Tom ?
= Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ?
The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.
= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.
China is a developing country and America is a developed country.
2.分词作表语
The news sounds encouraging .
They got very excited .
1)现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别:
The news is interesting .
He is interested in the news .
doing 作表语,主语与表语是主谓关系 ;done 作表语,主语与表语是动宾关系。
2)表语与被动式的区别:
The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .(强调动作)
The blackboard is broken . You’d better have it repaired.(强调状态)
3)常作表语的过去分词:
amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done
3.现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别
The situation in our country is encouraging . (表语)
The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 现在进行时)
My job is looking after the little baby . (动名词)
能回答how-question 的是现在分词,能回答what-question 的动名词,即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行时。
例如: How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging .
What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby .
4.注意的四种结构:
have something to do 有某事要做
have something done 使某事被做
have somebody do something 使某人做某事
have something doing 让某事一直做着
5. 需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词:
seat , prepare , hide , dress
如:I seated myself on the chair .
I was seated on the chair .
6.分词做状语与不定式的区别:
分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等;而不定式表示目的和结果。
Having finished the homework , I went home . ( 时间)
Being a Party member , I should work hard . (原因)
Given more time ,I can do my work better . ( 条件 )
He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. ( 伴随)
To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . ( 目的 )
He is old enough to join the army . ( 结果)
7.分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别
a running horse 现在分词 = a horse that is running
a fallen leaf 过去分词 = a leaf that has already fallen
a walking stick 动名词 = a stick for walking
something to do 不定式 = something that I should do
8.不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别:
I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting . ( 将来)
The building being built on the river is the Science Museum . (正在进行)
The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions . ( 过去)
9.分词做状语需要注意的一个问题:
分词与句子主语的逻辑关系
Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful .( 错误 )
Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful . ( 正确)
Seeing 与the city 不是主谓关系;seen 与city 是动宾关系
语法谓语和非谓语的区别。举一点例子~
语法谓语和非谓语的区别。举一点例子
回答如下:
语法谓语:即句子的谓语,也就是句子语法主语所发出的动作
非谓语:即不是句子的谓语
一般来讲:非谓语需要充当谓语的
宾语,状语,
例如(1):I
want
to
go
home
句子语法主语:I
(一人称单数主格代词充当句子主语)
句子语法谓语:want
(行为动词充当句子简单谓语)
句子语法宾语:to
go
home
(非谓语动词中的“动词不定式”充当句子的宾语)
例如:(2)I
came
to
help
you
句子语法主语:I
(一人称单数主格代词充当句子主语)
句子语法谓语:came
(行为动词充当句子简单谓语)
句子语法宾语:to
go
home
(非谓语动词中的“动词不定式”充当句子的目的状语)
这题应该是b吧。a. to是表示目的,这里明显研究是手段而不是目的,cure才是目的。 D.have表示已经完成了,但是这里陈述的是个事实,研究这个东西现在将来都存在,不是确定的以前就已经完成的东西。c.动词ing可以表示原因或者结果,在句首一般表示原因,b.by doing 通过做什么事,…可以怎么样。c和b相比我认为b更合适,通过研究动植物,科学家就可能发现…而不是因为研究动植物,科学家就可以…
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