如何做好高考英语阅读表达题

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这种题型与阅读理解相比,既有相同点也存在着区别。其相同点在于两者都是对语篇阅读能力的考查,考生需对文章有较好的理解。区别主要表现在以下三个方面:1. 阅读理解题目的题型是客观的,而阅读表达的题型则是主观的,这不仅需要考生将文章理解,还需要将自己对文章的理解通过自己的语言表达出来,而且要受到字数的限制。这就是说阅读理解只是要求学生将文章及题目中的信息理解了,就能作对题目,而阅读表达不仅要求学生理解文章和题目而且要把文章中的信息用自己的语言表达出来,是一种信息的输出。2. 阅读理解的文章难度较大,片幅较长,生词较多;阅读表达的文章较为简单,生词少。3. 在于阅读理解中的题型是选择题,问题类型及所考查的方式差别很大,所供选择的答案只有一项是正确的;但在阅读表达中,题型和题目的设置是比较固定的,包括:题目、句子替换、完成句子、个人观点描述(开放式问题)及翻译五种题型,答案往往是不唯一的。
下面就这五种题型的提问方式和解题方法作详细的讲解。
(一). 题目设置
根据以上的题型,其题目共有五个,每小题3分,共15分。其考查形式如下:
(1) What is the best title of the passage? (Please answer within ____words.)
(2) Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
(3) Please fill in the blank in the __ paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete this sentence. (Please answer within ___ words.)
(4) Which of the _____ do you think is the best/most important for you / sb. else? Why?
Or do you think it is good/bad/better if _________? Why?
(Please answer within ___ words.)
(5) Translate the underlined sentence in the ___ paragraph into Chinese?
(二). 应对方法及技巧
1.了解题目,速读全文,了解大意和主题。
首先要了解题目所要考查的内容,因为考察内容较为固定,浏览一遍即可,其中主要看题目的第2、3、5小题,抓住重点考查信息。接下来快速阅读(浏览)全文,的目的是获取主要信息。运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读,搜寻关键词、主题句,捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点,并且理清文章脉络,把握语篇实质。完成这一步骤后,可针对每个小题做出解答。
2.对于文章标题的题型,在阅读理解中比较常见。在弄清楚文章的大意后,用简练的一句话或短语概括出文章的标题即可。对于大多数文章而言,在第一段往往就交待了该文章的中心内容,第一段中的首句或尾句通常会点明该段的中心,因此一般而言,通过归纳第一段的首尾句便可写出该文章的标题。在答题时,切记要抓住关键词,且不要出现语法错误。
例如:
There are many ways to self-improvement. Here are some tips for getting rid of a bad habit. Habits are as we all know some sort of automatic behaviours and most of us employ habits that are far from good, thus we want to change them. There are lots of examples; smoking habits, the habit of over-eating, the habit of forgetting certain things like umbrellas and gloves, the habit of interrupting other people when they talk etc.
从第二句可知文章标题为:How To Get Rid Of a Bad Habit 或 Tips for Getting Rid of A Bad Habit。
再如:
One thing Britain is famous for is pubs, and no trip to the UK would be complete without a visit to one of the thousands of pubs across the country.
Pubs play an important part in the social structure of the country. They are places where all ages and social classes mix to talk, do business, or just spend a couple of quiet hours before heading home in the evening.
文章第一句便开门见山,点明主题:Pubs in the UK。
3.句子替换的题型是比较简单的,只要弄明白了所要替换句子的意思,在文章里找到相应的句子即可。这种题型可视为同意句的转换,即英语中常说的“paraphrase”。据笔者的经验,在考试中此题的得分率是比较高的,满分率在80%以上。在答题时,要求考生在文章中准确找到原句并将其完整的抄写在答题纸所给定的位置上,切不可只是写上第“某某”个句子(The XX sentence in paragraph XX. )了事,这样是不能得分的!
4. 完成句子题型是以往阅读理解题目中所没有的题型。这种题型要求考生弄明白空缺的句子及其上下文的内容,而且要弄清其间的关系,根据这些关系猜测出空缺处的内容。上下文之间的关系通常有下列几种,这些关系通常通过一些连词表示出来:
A.同位关系(并列关系)
标志词:and, also, likewise, similarly, too, either…or, neither…nor, not…but…, not only…but also…, in the same way, equally, …
B.递进关系
标志词:then; besides; in addition; additionally; what is more; moreover, further, …
C.对比关系(转折关系)
标志词:but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, in any case, unfortunately, while, on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, conversely, on the other hand, …
D.因果关系
标志词:because, since, as, for; now that, so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result, …
E.让步关系:
标志词:although; though; even though; even if; nevertheless; despite; in spite of; …
F.时间关系
标志词:when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once, …
G.条件关系:
标志词:if, suppose (that), supposing (that), unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far, on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that),without, …
I. 表示目的(意图)
标志词:to, in order to, so as to, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, as, …
H.解释与被解释关系
标志词:is, that is, that is to say, means, the meaning is (that) …, …
明确了空缺处与上下句之间的关系,完成句子的问题会迎刃而解了。例如:
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association is working with companies and government officials on setting rules for use of portable music devices. The group says the best way to protect your hearing is to, limit listening time and use earphones that block out foreign noises.
根据横线后面句意及连词“and”;限制听的时间“和”利用可以阻止外部噪音的耳机,可判断前面与后面一致,故应是reduce the volume/turn down the player。
再如:
All beers are served as pints (500 ml) or halves (250ml). To order, you need to ask for a pint or half, and then name the beer. So, you could say “_______________.”
前面内容说了所有啤酒都是按品脱或半品脱卖的,然后说叫何种啤酒,“so”后面应该说“A pint of bitter, please. (A half of lager, please.)”
5.个人观点描述(开放式问题)
此类问题的解答比较容易,考生可根据自己的观点选择较容易回答的点回答。这种题目往往设计两个题目,回答此题时必须回答完整,即怎么问,怎么答。如:要回答“which … is the … ”,不要只是说“The first/ second one.”要把句子写完整;回答“why”的问题时最好用上“because”。
6.翻译题目
翻译类题目是对学生综合语言知识理解和运用的考察,考生不仅要理解英语语句,而且需要将其转译成汉语,因此又是对汉语表达水平的一种检测。中西文化与思维方式存在着很大差异,以致汉英句式结构具有很大的不同。汉语句子为语义型或意合型,英语句子为语法型或形合型。相比而言,汉语句子标准较宽松,句号的位置也有弹性。因此,汉语中无主语和无动词的句子很多,而英语句子的主语和动词则不可缺少,且英语多长句和复合句,汉语多短句。因此,英译汉时,翻译要尽求符合汉语表达的习惯,然而很多同学没有注意到其间差别,翻译出了“英语式的汉语”。再者,有些考生对词汇和短语的掌握不够准确,导致句子的漏译和错译。例如;
The purpose of a text is to show what you have learned about the subject. It helps you to remember your newly learned knowledge. The world won’t end if you don’t get good results once in a while, so don’t be over- worried if it happens.
考生译:这个世界不会结束如果你在以后不能得到一个好的结果,所以不要担心是否会发生的事。
该译句中是按照英语的语句顺序译的,没有照顾到汉语的习惯。而且句子中出现几处错译。once in a while意为“偶尔”;over- worried为“过分担忧”。
参考译文:如果偶尔一次没有考好,也没什么大不了的,因此,即使发生了,也不要过度担忧。
在翻译时,要适当应用增词、减词、词性转化、语序转化等技巧;英语中的从句(定语从句及名词性从句)和较长的短语往往单独翻译,这样能够将英语长句转化成符合汉语结构的句式。例如:
Regardless of other health effects of coffee, some evidence suggests that drinking coffee may protect against type 2 diabetes and colon cancer. But there is much more evidence of a protective effect from fruits, vegetables and whole grain than from coffee. So enjoy your coffee as part of a healthy diet, which includes a wide variety of foods.
此句中有几个难点:一个由which引导的非限定性定语从句和几个固定搭配:part of; healthy diet; a wide variety of,而且enjoy一词考生不易译出。下面是几个考生的译句:
(1) 所以应将咖啡作为一个包括种类丰富的食物的健康饮食的一部分。
(2) 因此把喜欢咖啡列入你的包括丰富多样的食物的合理膳食中去。
(3) 所以把热爱咖啡作为你健康饮食的一部分,它包括食物中的大量营养。
例(1)、(2)将定语从句译入主句中,不符合汉语表达习惯;(3)中虽将从句分译,但“它”指代不明确,且“a wide variety of foods”翻译有误。三个例句都没有准确译出“enjoy”的含义;
参考译文:因此,享受你的咖啡吧,让它作为健康饮食的一部分,当然,健康的饮食包括多种多样的食物。
综上所述,阅读表达是一种测试考生综合英语能力的新题型,面对新题型,考生应该本着“以不变应万变”思想,夯实基础,提高阅读能力和速度,摸清规律,掌握技巧,沉着应对,向15分挑战。

总述:这种题型与阅读理解相比,既有相同点也存在着区别。其相同点在于两者都是对语篇阅读能力的考查,考生需对文章有较好的理解。区别主要表现在以下三个方面:1. 阅读理解题目的题型是客观的,而阅读表达的题型则是主观的,这不仅需要考生将文章理解,还需要将自己对文章的理解通过自己的语言表达出来,而且要受到字数的限制。这就是说阅读理解只是要求学生将文章及题目中的信息理解了,就能作对题目,而阅读表达不仅要求学生理解文章和题目而且要把文章中的信息用自己的语言表达出来,是一种信息的输出。2. 阅读理解的文章难度较大,片幅较长,生词较多;阅读表达的文章较为简单,生词少。3. 在于阅读理解中的题型是选择题,问题类型及所考查的方式差别很大,所供选择的答案只有一项是正确的;但在阅读表达中,题型和题目的设置是比较固定的,包括:题目、句子替换、完成句子、个人观点描述(开放式问题)及翻译五种题型,答案往往是不唯一的。
下面就这五种题型的提问方式和解题方法作详细的讲解。
(一). 题目设置
根据以上的题型,其题目共有五个,每小题3分,共15分。其考查形式如下:
(1) What is the best title of the passage? (Please answer within ____words.)
(2) Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
(3) Please fill in the blank in the __ paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete this sentence. (Please answer within ___ words.)
(4) Which of the _____ do you think is the best/most important for you / sb. else? Why?
Or do you think it is good/bad/better if _________? Why?
(Please answer within ___ words.)
(5) Translate the underlined sentence in the ___ paragraph into Chinese?
(二). 应对方法及技巧
1.了解题目,速读全文,了解大意和主题。
首先要了解题目所要考查的内容,因为考察内容较为固定,浏览一遍即可,其中主要看题目的第2、3、5小题,抓住重点考查信息。接下来快速阅读(浏览)全文,的目的是获取主要信息。运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读,搜寻关键词、主题句,捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点,并且理清文章脉络,把握语篇实质。完成这一步骤后,可针对每个小题做出解答。
2.对于文章标题的题型,在阅读理解中比较常见。在弄清楚文章的大意后,用简练的一句话或短语概括出文章的标题即可。对于大多数文章而言,在第一段往往就交待了该文章的中心内容,第一段中的首句或尾句通常会点明该段的中心,因此一般而言,通过归纳第一段的首尾句便可写出该文章的标题。在答题时,切记要抓住关键词,且不要出现语法错误。
例如:
There are many ways to self-improvement. Here are some tips for getting rid of a bad habit. Habits are as we all know some sort of automatic behaviours and most of us employ habits that are far from good, thus we want to change them. There are lots of examples; smoking habits, the habit of over-eating, the habit of forgetting certain things like umbrellas and gloves, the habit of interrupting other people when they talk etc.
从第二句可知文章标题为:How To Get Rid Of a Bad Habit 或 Tips for Getting Rid of A Bad Habit。
再如:
One thing Britain is famous for is pubs, and no trip to the UK would be complete without a visit to one of the thousands of pubs across the country.
Pubs play an important part in the social structure of the country. They are places where all ages and social classes mix to talk, do business, or just spend a couple of quiet hours before heading home in the evening.
文章第一句便开门见山,点明主题:Pubs in the UK。
3.句子替换的题型是比较简单的,只要弄明白了所要替换句子的意思,在文章里找到相应的句子即可。这种题型可视为同意句的转换,即英语中常说的“paraphrase”。据笔者的经验,在考试中此题的得分率是比较高的,满分率在80%以上。在答题时,要求考生在文章中准确找到原句并将其完整的抄写在答题纸所给定的位置上,切不可只是写上第“某某”个句子(The XX sentence in paragraph XX. )了事,这样是不能得分的!
4. 完成句子题型是以往阅读理解题目中所没有的题型。这种题型要求考生弄明白空缺的句子及其上下文的内容,而且要弄清其间的关系,根据这些关系猜测出空缺处的内容。上下文之间的关系通常有下列几种,这些关系通常通过一些连词表示出来:
A.同位关系(并列关系)
标志词:and, also, likewise, similarly, too, either…or, neither…nor, not…but…, not only…but also…, in the same way, equally, …
B.递进关系
标志词:then; besides; in addition; additionally; what is more; moreover, further, …
C.对比关系(转折关系)
标志词:but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, in any case, unfortunately, while, on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, conversely, on the other hand, …
D.因果关系
标志词:because, since, as, for; now that, so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result, …
E.让步关系:
标志词:although; though; even though; even if; nevertheless; despite; in spite of; …
F.时间关系
标志词:when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once, …
G.条件关系:
标志词:if, suppose (that), supposing (that), unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far, on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that),without, …
I. 表示目的(意图)
标志词:to, in order to, so as to, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, as, …
H.解释与被解释关系
标志词:is, that is, that is to say, means, the meaning is (that) …, …
明确了空缺处与上下句之间的关系,完成句子的问题会迎刃而解了。例如:
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association is working with companies and government officials on setting rules for use of portable music devices. The group says the best way to protect your hearing is to, limit listening time and use earphones that block out foreign noises.
根据横线后面句意及连词“and”;限制听的时间“和”利用可以阻止外部噪音的耳机,可判断前面与后面一致,故应是reduce the volume/turn down the player。
再如:
All beers are served as pints (500 ml) or halves (250ml). To order, you need to ask for a pint or half, and then name the beer. So, you could say “_______________.”
前面内容说了所有啤酒都是按品脱或半品脱卖的,然后说叫何种啤酒,“so”后面应该说“A pint of bitter, please. (A half of lager, please.)”
5.个人观点描述(开放式问题)
此类问题的解答比较容易,考生可根据自己的观点选择较容易回答的点回答。这种题目往往设计两个题目,回答此题时必须回答完整,即怎么问,怎么答。如:要回答“which … is the … ”,不要只是说“The first/ second one.”要把句子写完整;回答“why”的问题时最好用上“because”。
6.翻译题目
翻译类题目是对学生综合语言知识理解和运用的考察,考生不仅要理解英语语句,而且需要将其转译成汉语,因此又是对汉语表达水平的一种检测。中西文化与思维方式存在着很大差异,以致汉英句式结构具有很大的不同。汉语句子为语义型或意合型,英语句子为语法型或形合型。相比而言,汉语句子标准较宽松,句号的位置也有弹性。因此,汉语中无主语和无动词的句子很多,而英语句子的主语和动词则不可缺少,且英语多长句和复合句,汉语多短句。因此,英译汉时,翻译要尽求符合汉语表达的习惯,然而很多同学没有注意到其间差别,翻译出了“英语式的汉语”。再者,有些考生对词汇和短语的掌握不够准确,导致句子的漏译和错译。例如;
The purpose of a text is to show what you have learned about the subject. It helps you to remember your newly learned knowledge. The world won’t end if you don’t get good results once in a while, so don’t be over- worried if it happens.
考生译:这个世界不会结束如果你在以后不能得到一个好的结果,所以不要担心是否会发生的事。
该译句中是按照英语的语句顺序译的,没有照顾到汉语的习惯。而且句子中出现几处错译。once in a while意为“偶尔”;over- worried为“过分担忧”。
参考译文:如果偶尔一次没有考好,也没什么大不了的,因此,即使发生了,也不要过度担忧。
在翻译时,要适当应用增词、减词、词性转化、语序转化等技巧;英语中的从句(定语从句及名词性从句)和较长的短语往往单独翻译,这样能够将英语长句转化成符合汉语结构的句式。例如:
Regardless of other health effects of coffee, some evidence suggests that drinking coffee may protect against type 2 diabetes and colon cancer. But there is much more evidence of a protective effect from fruits, vegetables and whole grain than from coffee. So enjoy your coffee as part of a healthy diet, which includes a wide variety of foods.
此句中有几个难点:一个由which引导的非限定性定语从句和几个固定搭配:part of; healthy diet; a wide variety of,而且enjoy一词考生不易译出。下面是几个考生的译句:
(1) 所以应将咖啡作为一个包括种类丰富的食物的健康饮食的一部分。
(2) 因此把喜欢咖啡列入你的包括丰富多样的食物的合理膳食中去。
(3) 所以把热爱咖啡作为你健康饮食的一部分,它包括食物中的大量营养。
例(1)、(2)将定语从句译入主句中,不符合汉语表达习惯;(3)中虽将从句分译,但“它”指代不明确,且“a wide variety of foods”翻译有误。三个例句都没有准确译出“enjoy”的含义;
参考译文:因此,享受你的咖啡吧,让它作为健康饮食的一部分,当然,健康的饮食包括多种多样的食物。
综上所述,阅读表达是一种测试考生综合英语能力的新题型,面对新题型,考生应该本着“以不变应万变”思想,夯实基础,提高阅读能力和速度,摸清规律,掌握技巧,沉着应对,向15分挑战。

如何做好高考英语阅读表达题~

这种题型与阅读理解相比,既有相同点也存在着区别。其相同点在于两者都是对语篇阅读能力的考查,考生需对文章有较好的理解。区别主要表现在以下三个方面:1. 阅读理解题目的题型是客观的,而阅读表达的题型则是主观的,这不仅需要考生将文章理解,还需要将自己对文章的理解通过自己的语言表达出来,而且要受到字数的限制。这就是说阅读理解只是要求学生将文章及题目中的信息理解了,就能作对题目,而阅读表达不仅要求学生理解文章和题目而且要把文章中的信息用自己的语言表达出来,是一种信息的输出。2. 阅读理解的文章难度较大,片幅较长,生词较多;阅读表达的文章较为简单,生词少。3. 在于阅读理解中的题型是选择题,问题类型及所考查的方式差别很大,所供选择的答案只有一项是正确的;但在阅读表达中,题型和题目的设置是比较固定的,包括:题目、句子替换、完成句子、个人观点描述(开放式问题)及翻译五种题型,答案往往是不唯一的。
下面就这五种题型的提问方式和解题方法作详细的讲解。
(一). 题目设置
根据以上的题型,其题目共有五个,每小题3分,共15分。其考查形式如下:
(1) What is the best title of the passage? (Please answer within ____words.)
(2) Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
(3) Please fill in the blank in the __ paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete this sentence. (Please answer within ___ words.)
(4) Which of the _____ do you think is the best/most important for you / sb. else? Why?
Or do you think it is good/bad/better if _________? Why?
(Please answer within ___ words.)
(5) Translate the underlined sentence in the ___ paragraph into Chinese?
(二). 应对方法及技巧
1.了解题目,速读全文,了解大意和主题。
首先要了解题目所要考查的内容,因为考察内容较为固定,浏览一遍即可,其中主要看题目的第2、3、5小题,抓住重点考查信息。接下来快速阅读(浏览)全文,的目的是获取主要信息。运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读,搜寻关键词、主题句,捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点,并且理清文章脉络,把握语篇实质。完成这一步骤后,可针对每个小题做出解答。
2.对于文章标题的题型,在阅读理解中比较常见。在弄清楚文章的大意后,用简练的一句话或短语概括出文章的标题即可。对于大多数文章而言,在第一段往往就交待了该文章的中心内容,第一段中的首句或尾句通常会点明该段的中心,因此一般而言,通过归纳第一段的首尾句便可写出该文章的标题。在答题时,切记要抓住关键词,且不要出现语法错误。
例如:
There are many ways to self-improvement. Here are some tips for getting rid of a bad habit. Habits are as we all know some sort of automatic behaviours and most of us employ habits that are far from good, thus we want to change them. There are lots of examples; smoking habits, the habit of over-eating, the habit of forgetting certain things like umbrellas and gloves, the habit of interrupting other people when they talk etc.
从第二句可知文章标题为:How To Get Rid Of a Bad Habit 或 Tips for Getting Rid of A Bad Habit。
再如:
One thing Britain is famous for is pubs, and no trip to the UK would be complete without a visit to one of the thousands of pubs across the country.
Pubs play an important part in the social structure of the country. They are places where all ages and social classes mix to talk, do business, or just spend a couple of quiet hours before heading home in the evening.
文章第一句便开门见山,点明主题:Pubs in the UK。
3.句子替换的题型是比较简单的,只要弄明白了所要替换句子的意思,在文章里找到相应的句子即可。这种题型可视为同意句的转换,即英语中常说的“paraphrase”。据笔者的经验,在考试中此题的得分率是比较高的,满分率在80%以上。在答题时,要求考生在文章中准确找到原句并将其完整的抄写在答题纸所给定的位置上,切不可只是写上第“某某”个句子(The XX sentence in paragraph XX. )了事,这样是不能得分的!
4. 完成句子题型是以往阅读理解题目中所没有的题型。这种题型要求考生弄明白空缺的句子及其上下文的内容,而且要弄清其间的关系,根据这些关系猜测出空缺处的内容。上下文之间的关系通常有下列几种,这些关系通常通过一些连词表示出来:
A.同位关系(并列关系)
标志词:and, also, likewise, similarly, too, either…or, neither…nor, not…but…, not only…but also…, in the same way, equally, …
B.递进关系
标志词:then; besides; in addition; additionally; what is more; moreover, further, …
C.对比关系(转折关系)
标志词:but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, in any case, unfortunately, while, on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, conversely, on the other hand, …
D.因果关系
标志词:because, since, as, for; now that, so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result, …
E.让步关系:
标志词:although; though; even though; even if; nevertheless; despite; in spite of; …
F.时间关系
标志词:when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once, …
G.条件关系:
标志词:if, suppose (that), supposing (that), unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far, on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that),without, …
I. 表示目的(意图)
标志词:to, in order to, so as to, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, as, …
H.解释与被解释关系
标志词:is, that is, that is to say, means, the meaning is (that) …, …
明确了空缺处与上下句之间的关系,完成句子的问题会迎刃而解了。例如:
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association is working with companies and government officials on setting rules for use of portable music devices. The group says the best way to protect your hearing is to, limit listening time and use earphones that block out foreign noises.
根据横线后面句意及连词“and”;限制听的时间“和”利用可以阻止外部噪音的耳机,可判断前面与后面一致,故应是reduce the volume/turn down the player。
再如:
All beers are served as pints (500 ml) or halves (250ml). To order, you need to ask for a pint or half, and then name the beer. So, you could say “_______________.”
前面内容说了所有啤酒都是按品脱或半品脱卖的,然后说叫何种啤酒,“so”后面应该说“A pint of bitter, please. (A half of lager, please.)”
5.个人观点描述(开放式问题)
此类问题的解答比较容易,考生可根据自己的观点选择较容易回答的点回答。这种题目往往设计两个题目,回答此题时必须回答完整,即怎么问,怎么答。如:要回答“which … is the … ”,不要只是说“The first/ second one.”要把句子写完整;回答“why”的问题时最好用上“because”。
6.翻译题目
翻译类题目是对学生综合语言知识理解和运用的考察,考生不仅要理解英语语句,而且需要将其转译成汉语,因此又是对汉语表达水平的一种检测。中西文化与思维方式存在着很大差异,以致汉英句式结构具有很大的不同。汉语句子为语义型或意合型,英语句子为语法型或形合型。相比而言,汉语句子标准较宽松,句号的位置也有弹性。因此,汉语中无主语和无动词的句子很多,而英语句子的主语和动词则不可缺少,且英语多长句和复合句,汉语多短句。因此,英译汉时,翻译要尽求符合汉语表达的习惯,然而很多同学没有注意到其间差别,翻译出了“英语式的汉语”。再者,有些考生对词汇和短语的掌握不够准确,导致句子的漏译和错译。例如;
The purpose of a text is to show what you have learned about the subject. It helps you to remember your newly learned knowledge. The world won’t end if you don’t get good results once in a while, so don’t be over- worried if it happens.
考生译:这个世界不会结束如果你在以后不能得到一个好的结果,所以不要担心是否会发生的事。
该译句中是按照英语的语句顺序译的,没有照顾到汉语的习惯。而且句子中出现几处错译。once in a while意为“偶尔”;over- worried为“过分担忧”。
参考译文:如果偶尔一次没有考好,也没什么大不了的,因此,即使发生了,也不要过度担忧。
在翻译时,要适当应用增词、减词、词性转化、语序转化等技巧;英语中的从句(定语从句及名词性从句)和较长的短语往往单独翻译,这样能够将英语长句转化成符合汉语结构的句式。例如:
Regardless of other health effects of coffee, some evidence suggests that drinking coffee may protect against type 2 diabetes and colon cancer. But there is much more evidence of a protective effect from fruits, vegetables and whole grain than from coffee. So enjoy your coffee as part of a healthy diet, which includes a wide variety of foods.
此句中有几个难点:一个由which引导的非限定性定语从句和几个固定搭配:part of; healthy diet; a wide variety of,而且enjoy一词考生不易译出。下面是几个考生的译句:
(1) 所以应将咖啡作为一个包括种类丰富的食物的健康饮食的一部分。
(2) 因此把喜欢咖啡列入你的包括丰富多样的食物的合理膳食中去。
(3) 所以把热爱咖啡作为你健康饮食的一部分,它包括食物中的大量营养。
例(1)、(2)将定语从句译入主句中,不符合汉语表达习惯;(3)中虽将从句分译,但“它”指代不明确,且“a wide variety of foods”翻译有误。三个例句都没有准确译出“enjoy”的含义;
参考译文:因此,享受你的咖啡吧,让它作为健康饮食的一部分,当然,健康的饮食包括多种多样的食物。
综上所述,阅读表达是一种测试考生综合英语能力的新题型,面对新题型,考生应该本着“以不变应万变”思想,夯实基础,提高阅读能力和速度,摸清规律,掌握技巧,沉着应对,向15分挑战。

主旨大意题

  主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料(或所读材料片断)中心思想的概括。做这类题时,考生应通读全文,把握文章大意或中心思想,同时注意文章的主题句,因为主题句表达中心思想,其他句子均围绕主题句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方,但位于段落中间(通常是第一段或最后一段的中间)也是完全可能的。主旨大意题的考查形式很多,如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。请看下面一个段落:
  In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.
  ◎What is the subject discussed in the text?
  A. The writer’s unhappy school life
  B. The writer’s eagerness to earn money
  C. The writer’s experience as a full-time worker
  D. The writer’s hard work in an apple plant
  原文共有五个自然段,上面摘录的只是文章的第1个自然段,但是如果考生训练有素的话,只要读完这个段落就可猜出此题的答案了。因为文章第一句说In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget,接着作者用but引出一个新的情况(即主题句):none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. 再接下来又说:  The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. 聪明的读者至此应该可以猜测到,下面的几个段落肯定是介绍这个apple plant 的work是如何的hard,它的pay是如何的poor,它的working conditions 是如何的terrible 等。比较四个选项,只有选项D所表述内容合乎上面的分析,故选D。
 
事实细节题

  顾名思义,事实细节题即指针对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的试题。事实细节题的命题方法很多,如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时,一个常用的方法就是运用定位法,即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子,与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换或简单换算)。请看下面一道事实细节题:
  Tuition Fees(学费)
  Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui@waikato.ac.nz
Accommodation(住宿)
  You can have a room in a 4-bedrcom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: ave@walkato.ac.nz
  ◎You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.
  A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000
  根据Tuition fees一节的内容可知,一年的学费最低为5,000美元,再根据Accommodation(住宿)一节可知,除学费外,还有住宿费(每月100美元)和生活费(每月150美元),即一年大约共3,000美元,所以在WaiKato大学读书一年至少要花费5,000+3,000=8,000美元,故答案为B。
  
代词指代题

  这类题要求考生根据一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义,它主要考查考生在一定语境中对上下文逻辑关系的正确理解。做这类题时,考生不仅要读懂相关句子的句意,理顺相关句子的逻辑关系,而且还要学会合理变通,尤其要学会变通理解其中的同义表达。请看下面一个片断和一个道词义猜测题:
  Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable(可以预见的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves(涉及) a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.
  What does the underlined word “this” refer to?
  A. Great contributions to the society.
  B. Long-time study of the subject matter.
  C. Various statements about problem solving.
  D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.
  此题答案选B。答案的直接依据是文章中的Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this 这两句话。从句意和句子结构上看,this在此指代的应是they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time,比较四个选项,只有B与之吻合,因为选项中的long-time与原文中的over fairly long periods of time属同义表达,选项中的study of the subject matter 与原文中的devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem属同义表达。
  
词义猜测题

  即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。它是高考英语阅读理解中的一个难点,同学们应引起充分重视。猜测生词词义的方法很多,常用的有同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法、基本构词法、语境理解法、举例说明法、常识背景法、类属分析法等。请看下面一道词义猜测题:
  More American people take their troubles with them on holiday, according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said that the main reason for going away is to escape pressure(压力) from work, almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said that they are happy and free of care.
  The underlined word “survey” in the first paragraph most probably means ______.
  A. research B. review C. exhibition D. examination
  此题答案选A。比较四个选项,同时结合常识,文中所提到的事实和数据应该是“调查和研究”得出的(其他几个选项可排除)。
  
推理判断题

  即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上,作出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题,做这类题目时,同学们应严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气等,找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语,然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断,从而得出符合逻辑的结论。此时应特别注意:当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时,不要误认为是在问“你”(考生)的想法,而是作者本人在字里行间所表述的观点。请看下面一个段落:
  Now the task I face in harvesting the fruit is twofold: First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head, and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw(缩回) my full fist without dropping the prize so dearly won. I found two full-blown white roses completely hidden as I picked tomatoes in June, but they were weak and the leaves already yellow for lack of light.
  By saying “the prize so dearly won” in paragraph 5, the writer wants to ______.
  A. show the difficulty in picking the tomatoes
  B. show the hardship of growing the roses
  C. express her liking for the roses
  D. express her care for the tomatoes
  本文大意讲的是作者在春天偶然栽种的一棵西红柿长成后非常大,影响到园中的玫瑰花,作者在享受西红柿美味的同时,又难以割舍珍贵的玫瑰花,面对两种选择,作者举棋不定。
  此题要求考生推测作者说the prize so dearly won的意图,属推理判断题。此题答案选A,其推理依据主要有以下几点:一是作者在第1句用了 the task一词,将摘西红柿看成是一项“任务”;二是作者在三个地方用了have to,表示摘西红柿不容易;三是作者还用了stand on my head, reach down and under…等夸张性用词,充分说明了摘西红柿的难度。比较四个选项,显然只有选项A最佳。
  请再看一道高考真题实例:
  Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth put it best when she said to her father. “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead.”
  Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day. The big question is why.
  Why did Elizabeth say to her father, “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead?
  A. He was driving at great speed.
  B. He was running across the street.
  C. He didn’t have his safety belt on.
  D. He didn’t take his medicine on time.
  10岁的女儿对父亲说:“爸爸,你若死了,也就不可能健康了。”女儿为什么这样说呢?下文告诉我们:父亲匆匆忙忙在天黑之前开车赶回家,以便跑步锻炼身体,但却在开车回家时忘记系安全带。显然女儿是在责备父亲未系安全带开车,由此可推知答案应选 C。

高考英语阅读理解秒杀法
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做高中英语阅读理解有什么技巧吗?怎样提高正确率?
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