怎样把握英语文章中时态的用法? 在英语写作中,时态应该怎么用?如果文章中有倒叙,插叙的手法,...

作者&投稿:郎重 (若有异议请与网页底部的电邮联系)
一.动词的五种形式的记忆与区别。

二.不同时态中的不同助动词的用法。

三.现在将来时的同义句型以及 shall 的用法。

四.现在完成时中的非延续性动词的用法。

五.不同时态在被动语态中的用法。

六.主从复合句中时态的前后呼应。

下面,我们就以上有关时态的诸多问题进行解释说明:

一.动词的五种形式:

因为动作发生的时间不同,所以运用不同的时态;时态的不同,又要用动词的不同形式来表达。英语中的动词被分为五种不同形式:

(1)动词原形:一般现在时,现在将来时,过去将来时

(2)动词第三人称单数:一般现在时

(3)动词现在分词:现在进行时,过去进行时,现在将来进行时,现在完成进行时

(4)动词过去式:一般过去时

(5)动词过去分词:现在完成时,过去完成时以及被动语态

下面是根据其使用频率所展示的不规则动词的五种形式:

原型 三单 现在分词 过去式 过去分词

be is being was,were been

have has having had had

get gets getting got got

do does doing did done

take takes taking took taken

eat eats eating ate eaten

study studies studying studied studied

watch watches watching watched watched

go goes going went gone

run runs running ran ran

come comes coming came come

see sees seeing saw seen

say says saying said said

tell tells telling told told

swim swims swimming swam swum

give gives giving gave given

meet meets meeting met met

buy buys buying bought bought

pay pays paying paid paid

let lets letting let let

spend spends spending spent spent

teach teaches teaching taught taught

think thinks thinking thought thought

make makes making made made

write writes writing wrote written

hear hears hearing heard heard

speak speaks speaking spoke spoken

read reads reading read read

know knows knowing knew known

drink drinks drinking drank drunk

bring brings bringing brought brought

stand stands standing stood stood

wash washes washing washed washed

find finds finding found found

worry worries worrying worried worried

begin begins beginning began begun

drive drives driving drove driven

draw draws drawing drew drawn

try tries trying tried tried

lend lends lending lent lent

sleep sleeps sleeping slept slept

arrive arrives arriving arrived arrived

live lives living lived lived

cut cuts cutting cut cut

put puts putting put put

keep keeps keeping kept kept

sweep sweeps sweeping swept swept

feel feels feeling felt felt

forget forgets forgetting forgot forgotten

build builds building built built

leave leaves leaving left left

use uses using used used

finish finishesfinishing finished finished

become becomes becoming became become

carry carries carrying carried carried

send sends sending sent sent

throw throws throwing threw thrown

break breaks breaking broke broken

finish finishes finishing finished finished

catch catches catching caught caught

sell sells selling sold sold

die dies dying died died

fly flies flying flew flown

change changes changing changed changed

cry cyies crying cried cried

grow grows growing grew grown

ring rings ringing rang rung

steal steals stealing stole stolen

marry marries marrying married married

rise rises rising rose risen

raise raises raising raised raised

lie lies lying laid lain

lie lies lying lied lied

fight fights fighting fought fought

burn burns burning burnt burnt

erase erases erasing erased erased

beat beats beating beat beaten

hit hits hitting hit hit

以上动词的五种形式,可以通过卡片记忆,每天忆诵,泛读巩固,习题演练等方式加强学习和记忆,并要在学习中增加灵活度。

二.不同时态中的不同的助动词:

英语学习中,必须系统地学习其助动词,特别是时态中的助动词。否则,英语句子的变化就会受到限制,就不会灵活起来。现在,我们来看一看都有哪些语法项目涉及到英语中的助动词,也即英语助动词的用法:

(1).一般问句 Do you get up early ?

(2).特殊问句 When do you get up ?

(3).反义问句 You get up early,don't you?

(4).否定句 You do not get up early.

(5).倒装句 He gets up early,so do I.

(6).同级类比 He gets up as early as I do.

(7).比较级 He gets up earlier than I do.

(8).强调句 I do get up early.

以上我们只是利用助动词 do 对其用法做了一下展示。由此及彼,其他时态的助动词也具备如同 do 一样的用法。这就需要我们对其他时态的助动词进行认真地学习和练习。

(1)一般现在时: do/does/am/is/are

(2)现在将来时: will/shall

(3)现在进行时: be(am/is/are)

(4)现在完成时: have/has

(5)一般过去时: did/was/were

(6)过去将来时: would

(7)过去进行时: be(was/were)

(8)过去完成时: had

(9)现在将来进行时:will

(10)现在完成进行时:have/has

以上这些时态的助动词,难学的是 do/does/did/。除了这三个助动词,其他助动词都加带在各个句子之中,较为容易识别。而这三个助动词不出现在肯定句中,要加以注意。下面,我们列举一些例句,看一看不同时态里不同的助动词的不同的用法:(找一找助动词并将例句译为中文)

(1)Do you mind my smoking here?

(2)Will you come to join us?

(3)I will not tell you what to do.

(4)where did you go?

(5)What are you doing there?

(6)You have been there twice,haven't you?

(7)What did you say ?

(8)Where shall we meet?

(9)She gets up as early as her mother does.

(10)Are you asking me to help you?

(11)Does your brother live with your parents?

(12)Shall we have a talk about it?

(13)They are worrying about you.

(14)I am listening to English much more carefully than he is.

(15)Have you seen the film yet?

(16)She has never made any friends with her classmates,has she?

(17)They wrote their homework,so did I.

(18)Where are you going?

(19)Come in,will you?

(20)Let's go to cinema,shall we?
三.现在将来时的同义句型及 shall 的用法。

英语中的现在将来时(will/shall + do 动词原形),常用来表示自然规律中即将发生的动作,往往是不以人的意志为转移的。如:

1.我们下周即将要放寒假了。

We will have a winter holiday next week.

2.如果他拒绝,我们将没有任何办法。

We will have no way out if he refuses.

同时,现在将来时也可用来表示一个人的意愿或观点,建议等。如:

3.我们开个会讨论一下,怎么样?

Shall we have a meeting to discuss about it?

4.我给她打个电话,如何?

Shall I give her a call?

5.我们会在操场周围种植一些树木。

We will plant some trees around the playground.

而下列两个句型也含有将来的含义,但各有侧重,需区别对待:

1. be going to do...计划,打算,准备......

2. be about to do...刚要,这就,正准备......

例句:

1.I am going to study abroad next year.

2.We are going to have a dinner party.

3.They are going to have another talk with that company.

4.I am about to give you a call.

5.She is about to leave .

6.They are about to go shopping.

而 shall 在现在将来时态中,只为第一人称服务(I,we),且多用于一般问句中,用以表示征求对方意见:

1. Shall I...?

2. Shall we...?

例句:

1.Shall I wait for you at the gate?

我在大门口等你,怎么样?

2.Shall we have a meeting to discuss about it?

我们开会讨论一下,如何?

3.Shall we tell him this earlier?

咱们早点儿告诉他这件事,好吗?

4.Let's go home together, shall we?

咱们一起回家吧,好吗?

对于 shall 的用法,还是要放到日常口语中进行大量的练习,才能培养出英语在此语法问题上的语感,才能体会出其真正的含义。

四.现在完成时中的非延续性动词的用法。

英语中,有一类为数不多的动词,被称为非延续性动词,也有人将其成为短暂性动词或一次性动词。其实,所谓的非延续性动词只是针对现在完成时态以及过去完成时态而言,有些动词持续时间非常之短,从而不能与时间联用。下列动词均为非延续性动词:

1.come 2.go 3.come 4.arrive

5.buy 6.sell 7.lend 8.borrow

9.give 10.get 11.die 12.return

13.leave 14.begin15.start 16.finish

17.turn on 18.turn off 19.get to

20.get on 21.get off 22.put on

23.take off 24.stop

非延续性动词只与完成时态有关,而与其他时态毫无干系。那么,它们在完成时态中到底怎样使用呢?我们看看下列的总结和归纳:

1.非延续性动词可以用在完成时态的句子中:

(1)He has already come here.

(2)They have ever bought dictionaries.

(3)She has died.

(4)They told me that he had returned the book.

(5)We asked him whether he had got the message.

2.但非延续性动词在完成时态的句子中不能与时间联用:

(1)He has already died for ten years.( X )

(2)They have already come here for 2 days. ( X )

(3)I have already bought this car for 3 years.( X )

(4)She has borrowed the book for nearly one week.( X )

(5)I have got this message from him for half an hour.( X )

3.解决方案:

(1)仍然用完成时态,可将非延续性动词改为延续性动词(多用be + 形容词句型或用 had 等延续性动词)

(2)抛弃完成时态,归为一般过去时,动词可不变。

例句:

(1)他已经死了十年了。

A.He has already died. ( V )

B.He has already died for 10 years.( X )

C.He has already been dead for 10 years.( V )

D.He died 10 years ago. ( V )

(2)这房子我已经买了3年了。

A.I have already bought this house.( V )

B.I have already bought this house for 3 years.( X )

C.I have already had this house for 3 years. ( V )

D.I bought this house 3 years ago. ( V )

(3)他们已经到这里五天了。

A.They have already arrived here.( V )

B.They have already arrived here for 5 days.( X )

C.They have been here for 5 days.( V )

D.They arrived here 5 days ago.( V )

(4)会议已经开始半个小时了。

A.The meeting has already begun.( V )

B.The meeting has already begun for half an hour.( X )

C.The meeting has been on for half an hour.( V )

D.The meeting began half an hour ago.( V )

五.被动语态与各种时态的联用:

英语语法中,被动语态是一个独立的语法重点,其在学习中的难点在于被动语态和其他时态以及其他句型的联用。能否灵活地运用被动语态,取决与被动语态的基础知识是否扎实。根据莱曼英语的总结归纳,并通过“一学,二记,三通过”的方法,才能更加清晰地了解被动语态。

被动语态:

含义:主语不能主动发出而由他人做出的动作。

汉语线索:被,由,受,挨

构成: be + done (过去分词)

助动词: be (am,is,are,was,were 等)

难点:被动语态的构成 be + done 与不同时态或句型的联用。

1.am ,is,are + done... 一般现在时

2.was,were + done... 一般过去时

3.will,shall be + done... 现在将来时

4.am,is,are being + done... 现在进行时

5.was,were being + done ... 过去进行时

6.have,has been + done ... 现在完成时

7.had been + done ... 过去完成时

8.would be + done ... 过去将来时

例句:

1.I am always taught to be honest.

我所受到的教育是要诚实。

2.He is always beaten by his father.

他经常挨他爸爸揍。

3.We are always kept in the classroom during the breaks.

课间我们经常被圈在教室里。

4.She was cheated by her one of her best friends yesterday.

昨天,她被她的一个好朋友骗了。

5.You will be punished if you break the rules.

如果你破坏规据,就将受罚。

6.The accident car is being carried away by the traffic police.

事故车正在被交警拖走。

7.They have already been told that the meeting has been canceled.

他们已经被告知会议被取消了。

8.I asked him whether he had been informed or not.

我问他是否已收到了通知。

诚然,几个例句不足以全面掌握或灵活驾驭被动语态,特别是被动语态和英语时态的联用,还需大量的阅读和练习。

六.主从复合句中的时态前后呼应问题:

在英语主从复合句中,“四大难点”的掌握是关键 。其中时态的前后呼应以及“主将从现”是必须关注的重点之一:

1.时态呼应:

A.主句为现在时态,从句可根据需要用任意时态:

(1)He always says that he is a top student at school.

(2)He always says that he was a top student at school 10 years ago.

B.主句为过去时态,从句需为过去时态中的一种:

(1)He told me that he had seen the film"Gone With The Wind" twice.

(2)He asked whether they were going to have a holiday.

2.主将从现:

主句如是现在将来时,则从句必须用一般现在时:

(1)We will have a meeting when he comes back.

(2)They are going to have an outing if it does not rain tomorrow.

总而言之,英语的时态课题必须抓住其基本规律,又要掌握其特殊规律;进而转化为基本能力。牢记一点。英语的时态是汉语中没有的课题,中国学生必须系统“时习之”,才能全面驾驭英语

除了反复阅读,没有其它办法。时间长了就会有语感了。所以你不用太在意现在的时态把握。每个人都会经历你目前的过程的。

SCI论文中不同部分怎样正确使用时态~

英语谓语动词时态总共有16种,其中在SCI论文中用得较多的主要是3种:一般现在时、一般过去时和将来时。如果论文中的时态用得不对,往往会改变作者的意思,影响专家和读者的理解。
通常一篇SCI论文会包括Abstract、Materials and Methods、Results、Conclusion、Discussion、Acknowledgments、References几个部分,大多是大同小异,比如有的可能会有Summary、Supplemental Data等。
下面我将根据这个论文框架为大家介绍不同部分常用的英文时态。
首先,我们要知道论文中选取不同英语时态的3个基本参考标准:
1. 一般现在时主要用于不受限制的客观存在事实的描述,通常存在写论文时的感觉、状态和关系等描述,以及Acknowledgments(致谢)中。值得注意的是,对于别人已发表的成果,出于尊重,不用过去时,而是用一般现在时。
2. 一般过去时主要用在描述作者所做的工作、比如材料、方法和结构等。
3. 一般将来时主要用于撰写论文后发生的工作或状态,比如提出下一步的研究方向。
知道了这3个基本参考标准后,下面我从论文的不同部分进行分析该用什么时态:
Abstract:
摘要反映的是我们自己的研究成果,所以用一般过去时。
Introduction:
1. Introduction中的研究背景通常引用相关学科中广为接受的原理或事实,以及你所做研究的重要性,这些通常采用一般现在时。
例子:Genomics provides crucial information for rational drug design.
2. 在Introduction中也可能引用与你的研究相关的一些研究结果,为表达你对该研究结果仍坚信其正确性及相关性,即使已经是很久以前的研究结果,可使用一般现在时。
例子:Garcia (1993) suggested that under certain conditions, an individual’s deposit income is the same as the income from purchased national debt, thus changes in the amount of bank loans and deposits caused by changes in the amount of reserves will eventually affect the bond price.
与上面一条相应的,如果该研究成果已经过时或失效,则用一般过去时。
例子:Nineteenth-century physicians held that women got migraines because they were "the weaker sex," but current research shows that the causes of migraine are unrelated to gender.
Materials and Methods:
此部分是对自己之前所做工作的描述,因此用一般过去时。
例子1:Total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) were measured in the laboratory using standard procedures.
例子2:The standard protocol was followed for the preparation of the media from stock solutions.
Results:
这里分为两种情况,如果是描述图表内容的Results,表示写论文时的状态,用一般现在时。
例子1: Figure 1 displays the comparative variation in the morphology of donor chromatin in both age groups of oocytes.
例子2:Table 1 below shows the stream flows calculated for each stream using Equation 1.
如果是描述自己得出的研究成果,则用一般过去时进行详细阐述。
例子1:Overall, more than 70% of the insects collected were non-phytophagous.
例子2:Following activation of NT oocytes with strontium, the cell cycle resumed in both groups.
Discussion:
此处也分为两种情况,当表达研究结果意义的时候用一般现在时。
例子:Removal of vegetation for agricultural purposes appears to negatively affect the water quality of streams.
当表示总结研究成果时用一般过去时,当对研究成果进行解释和讨论时用一般现在时。
例子1:Weight increased as the nutritional value of feed increased. These results suggest that feeds higher in nutritional value contribute to greater weight gain in livestock. 这个例子在描述实验发现时用一般过去时,在讨论这个发现的意义是用一般现在时。
例子2:Leaf carbon and phenolic content did not differ across sites, indicating that the response of secondary plant chemicals such as phenolics to water is complex. 这个例子用一般现在时表明作者坚信其研究结果和结论的正确性。
Conclusion:
当强调过去研究成果时用一般过去时,当展望未来的研究方向或者研究前景时用一般现在时或将来时。
例子:Although the study found evidence of tillage and irrigation within the study area, from the data collected it was not possible to determine if the effects of agriculture upstream cause (or caused) higher levels of total nitrogen downstream. Further studies are therefore necessary to determine the effects of agriculture on the health of Stringybark Creek.
今天关于SCI论文中英语语态的问题就讲这么多,应该是比较详细了,希望你在翻译的时候能够比较清晰,对这个问题不要再糊涂了。

叙事一般用过去式,对应完成时进行时等都要进行变换。而其中的议论一般是使用一般时,因为是自己的评论。想法感受等比如感觉疲劳那用过去时,而光荣等能持续到现在的,一般就用现在时。

如果是客观真理事实,那么无论如何都要用现在时。

议论文、说明文一般用一般时。

特别注意在直接引语中要用一般时态(特殊情况除外)

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答:1.了解各种时态:首先,你需要了解并熟悉英语的各种时态,包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时等。2.根据语境选择时态:每种时态都有其特定的用法和含义。例如,如果你想描述一个经常发生的事情,你应该使用一般现在时;如果...

英语时态总结及用法有哪些
答:1、表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语有tomorrow,next day,soon,in a few minutes等。2、用法:主要用来描述将要发生的动作或存在于未来的情况。这里所说的“将来时间”是指“说话、写文章那一刻以后的时间”。四、过去将来时:1、立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来...

SCI论文中不同部分怎样正确使用时态
答:首先,我们要知道论文中选取不同英语时态的3个基本参考标准:1. 一般现在时主要用于不受限制的客观存在事实的描述,通常存在写论文时的感觉、状态和关系等描述,以及Acknowledgments(致谢)中。值得注意的是,对于别人已发表的成果,出于尊重,不用过去时,而是用一般现在时。2. 一般过去时主要用在描述作者...

英语的时态怎么区分怎么用啊
答:时态是英语中比较重要的语法项目,常用的大概八种,不过每种时态的使用都会有时间标志的。当句中出现always,often等表示经常性的时间状语时通常选择一般现在时;当句子中出现yesterday, last month等发生在过去的时间状语时,通常选择过去时;当句中出现tomorrow, next Friday等表将来的时间状语时,一般要用...